Josiah Aklilu

PhD student at Stanford

Currently, I’m a Biomedical Data Science PhD student at Stanford University where I’m grateful to be advised by Serena Yeung in the MARVL lab. My research interests lie at the intersection of AI and healthcare, centered in computer vision models for surgical skill assessment, training, and feedback. I’m also more generally interested in video understanding and multimodal foundation models in biomedicine. I’ve also interned in Hoifung’s group @Microsoft Research.

Previously, I received my Bachelor’s in Mathematics, Computer Science, and Physics at the University of Denver with a Distinction in Computer Science.

preprints & publications

2024

arXiv

Zero-shot Action Localization via the Confidence of Large Vision-Language Models

Josiah Aklilu, Xiaohan Wang, and Serena Yeung-Levy

2024

Abstract PDF

Precise action localization in untrimmed video is vital for fields such as professional sports and minimally invasive surgery, where the delineation of particular motions in recordings can dramatically enhance analysis. But in many cases, large scale datasets with video-label pairs for localization are unavailable, limiting the opportunity to fine-tune video-understanding models. Recent developments in large vision-language models (LVLM) address this need with impressive zero-shot capabilities in a variety of video understanding tasks. However, the adaptation of image-based LVLMs, with their powerful visual question answering capabilities, to action localization in long-form video is still relatively unexplored. To this end, we introduce a true ZEro-shot Action Localization method (ZEAL). Specifically, we leverage the built-in action knowledge of a large language model (LLM) to inflate actions into highly-detailed descriptions of the archetypal start and end of the action. These descriptions serve as queries to LVLM for generating frame-level confidence scores which can be aggregated to produce localization outputs. The simplicity and flexibility of our method lends it amenable to more capable LVLMs as they are developed, and we demonstrate remarkable results in zero-shot action localization on a challenging benchmark, without any training.
TMLR

Revisiting Active Learning in the Era of Vision Foundation Models

Sanket Rajan Gupte*, Josiah Aklilu*, Jeffrey J Nirschl, and Serena Yeung-Levy

Transactions on Machine Learning Research, 2024

Abstract PDF Code

Foundation vision or vision-language models are trained on large unlabeled or noisy data and learn robust representations that can achieve impressive zero- or few-shot performance on diverse tasks. Given these properties, they are a natural fit for active learning (AL), which aims to maximize labeling efficiency, but the full potential of foundation models has not been explored in the context of AL, specifically in the low-budget regime. In this work, we evaluate how foundation models influence three critical components of effective AL, namely, 1) initial labeled pool selection, 2) ensuring diverse sampling, and 3) the trade-off between representative and uncertainty sampling. We systematically study how the robust representations of foundation models (DINOv2, OpenCLIP) challenge existing findings in active learning. Our observations inform the principled construction of a new simple and elegant AL strategy that balances uncertainty estimated via dropout with sample diversity. We extensively test our strategy on many challenging image classification benchmarks, including natural images as well as out-of-domain biomedical images that are relatively understudied in the AL literature. Source code will be made available.
ECCV

Depth-guided NeRF Training via Earth Mover’s Distance

Anita Rau, Josiah Aklilu, F. Christopher Holsinger, and Serena Yeung-Levy

European Conference on Computer Vision, 2024

Abstract PDF Code

Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) are trained to minimize the rendering loss of predicted viewpoints. However, the photometric loss often does not provide enough information to disambiguate between different possible geometries yielding the same image. Previous work has thus incorporated depth supervision during NeRF training, leveraging dense predictions from pre-trained depth networks as pseudo-ground truth. While these depth priors are assumed to be perfect once filtered for noise, in practice, their accuracy is more challenging to capture. This work proposes a novel approach to uncertainty in depth priors for NeRF supervision. Instead of using custom-trained depth or uncertainty priors, we use off-the-shelf pretrained diffusion models to predict depth and capture uncertainty during the denoising process. Because we know that depth priors are prone to errors, we propose to supervise the ray termination distance distribution with Earth Mover’s Distance instead of enforcing the rendered depth to replicate the depth prior exactly through L2-loss. Our depth-guided NeRF outperforms all baselines on standard depth metrics by a large margin while maintaining performance on photometric measures.
NEJM AI

Artificial Intelligence Identifies Factors Associated with Blood Loss and Surgical Experience in Cholecystectomy

Josiah Aklilu, Min Woo Sun, Shelly Goel, Sebastiano Bartoletti, and 12 more authors

New England Journal of Medicine AI, 2024

Abstract PDF Code

A computer vision model developed to recognize fine-grained surgical activity in laparoscopic cholecystectomy videos reveals associations among surgical behaviors, adverse outcomes, and surgical skills.

2022

MLHC

ALGES: Active Learning with Gradient Embeddings for Semantic Segmentation of Laparoscopic Surgical Images

Josiah Aklilu, and Serena Yeung-Levy

In Proceedings of the 7th Machine Learning for Healthcare Conference, 2022

Abstract PDF Code

Annotating medical images for the purposes of training computer vision models is an extremely laborious task that takes time and resources away from expert clinicians. Active learning (AL) is a machine learning paradigm that mitigates this problem by deliberately proposing data points that should be labeled in order to maximize model performance. We propose a novel AL algorithm for segmentation, ALGES, that utilizes gradient embeddings to effectively select laparoscopic images to be labeled by some external oracle while reducing annotation effort. Given any unlabeled image, our algorithm treats predicted segmentations as truth and computes gradients with respect to the model parameters of the last layer in a segmentation network. The norms of these per-pixel gradient vectors correspond to the magnitude of the induced change in model parameters and contain rich information about the model’s predictive uncertainty. Our algorithm then computes gradients embeddings in two ways, and we employ a center-finding algorithm with these embeddings to procure representative and diverse batches in each round of AL. An advantage of our approach is extensibility to any model architecture and differentiable loss scheme for semantic segmentation. We apply our approach to a public data set of laparoscopic cholecystectomy images and show that it outperforms current AL algorithms in selecting the most informative data points for improving the segmentation model. Our code is available at https://github.com/josaklil-ai/surg-active-learning.